Agenda 21
Chapter 24
GLOBAL ACTION FOR WOMEN TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME AREA
Basis for action
24.1. The international community has endorsed several plans of action and conventions
for the full, equal and beneficial integration of women in all development activities, in
particular the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women, 1/ which
emphasize women's participation in national and international ecosystem management and
control of environment degradation. Several conventions, including the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (General Assembly resolution
34/180, annex) and conventions of ILO and UNESCO have also been adopted to end
gender-based discrimination and ensure women access to land and other resources, education
and safe and equal employment. Also relevant are the 1990 World Declaration on the
Survival, Protection and Development of Children and the Plan of Action for implementing
the Declaration (A/45/625, annex). Effective implementation of these programmes will
depend on the active involvement of women in economic and political decision-making and
will be critical to the successful implementation of Agenda 21.
Objectives
24.2. The following objectives are proposed for national Governments:
- To implement the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women,
particularly with regard to women's participation in national ecosystem management and
control of environment degradation;
- To increase the proportion of women decision makers, planners, technical advisers,
managers and extension workers in environment and development fields;
- To consider developing and issuing by the year 2000 a strategy of changes necessary to
eliminate constitutional, legal, administrative, cultural, behavioural, social and
economic obstacles to women's full participation in sustainable development and in public
life;
- To establish by the year 1995 mechanisms at the national, regional and international
levels to assess the implementation and impact of development and environment policies and
programmes on women and to ensure their contributions and benefits;
- To assess, review, revise and implement, where appropriate, curricula and other
educational material, with a view to promoting the dissemination to both men and women of
gender-relevant knowledge and valuation of women's roles through formal and non-formal
education, as well as through training institutions, in collaboration with
non-governmental organizations;
- To formulate and implement clear governmental policies and national guidelines,
strategies and plans for the achievement of equality in all aspects of society, including
the promotion of women's literacy, education, training, nutrition and health and their
participation in key decision-making positions and in management of the environment,
particularly as it pertains to their access to resources, by facilitating better access to
all forms of credit, particularly in the informal sector, taking measures towards ensuring
women's access to property rights as well as agricultural inputs and implements;
- To implement, as a matter of urgency, in accordance with country-specific conditions,
measures to ensure that women and men have the same right to decide freely and responsibly
the number and spacing of their children and have access to information, education and
means, as appropriate, to enable them to exercise this right in keeping with their
freedom, dignity and personally held values;
- To consider adopting, strengthening and enforcing legislation prohibiting violence
against women and to take all necessary administrative, social and educational measures to
eliminate violence against women in all its forms.
Activities
24.3. Governments should take active steps to implement the following:
- Measures to review policies and establish plans to increase the proportion of women
involved as decision makers, planners, managers, scientists and technical advisers in the
design, development and implementation of policies and programmes for sustainable
development;
- Measures to strengthen and empower women's bureaux, women's non-governmental
organizations and women's groups in enhancing capacity-building for sustainable
development;
- Measures to eliminate illiteracy among females and to expand the enrolment of women and
girls in educational institutions, to promote the goal of universal access to primary and
secondary education for girl children and for women, and to increase educational and
training opportunities for women and girls in sciences and technology, particularly at the
post-secondary level;
- Programmes to promote the reduction of the heavy workload of women and girl children at
home and outside through the establishment of more and affordable nurseries and
kindergartens by Governments, local authorities, employers and other relevant
organizations and the sharing of household tasks by men and women on an equal basis, and
to promote the provision of environmentally sound technologies which have been designed,
developed and improved in consultation with women, accessible and clean water, an
efficient fuel supply and adequate sanitation facilities;
- Programmes to establish and strengthen preventive and curative health facilities, which
include women-centred, women-managed, safe and effective reproductive health care and
affordable, accessible, responsible planning of family size and services, as appropriate,
in keeping with freedom, dignity and personally held values. Programmes should focus on
providing comprehensive health care, including pre-natal care, education and information
on health and responsible parenthood, and should provide the opportunity for all women to
fully breastfeed at least during the first four months post-partum. Programmes should
fully support women's productive and reproductive roles and well-being and should pay
special attention to the need to provide equal and improved health care for all children
and to reduce the risk of maternal and child mortality and sickness;
- Programmes to support and strengthen equal employment opportunities and equitable
remuneration for women in the formal and informal sectors with adequate economic,
political and social support systems and services, including child care, particularly
day-care facilities and parental leave, and equal access to credit, land and other natural
resources;
- Programmes to establish rural banking systems with a view to facilitating and increasing
rural women's access to credit and to agricultural inputs and implements;
- Programmes to develop consumer awareness and the active participation of women,
emphasizing their crucial role in achieving changes necessary to reduce or eliminate
unsustainable patterns of consumption and production, particularly in industrialized
countries, in order to encourage investment in environmentally sound productive activities
and induce environmentally and socially friendly industrial development;
- Programmes to eliminate persistent negative images, stereotypes, attitudes and
prejudices against women through changes in socialization patterns, the media,
advertising, and formal and non-formal education;
- Measures to review progress made in these areas, including the preparation of a review
and appraisal report which includes recommendations to be submitted to the 1995 world
conference on women.
24.4. Governments are urged to ratify all relevant conventions pertaining to women if
they have not already done so. Those that have ratified conventions should enforce and
establish legal, constitutional and administrative procedures to transform agreed rights
into domestic legislation and should adopt measures to implement them in order to
strengthen the legal capacity of women for full and equal participation in issues and
decisions on sustainable development.
24.5. States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women should review and suggest amendments to it by the year 2000,
with a view to strengthening those elements of the Convention related to environment and
development, giving special attention to the issue of access and entitlements to natural
resources, technology, creative banking facilities and low-cost housing, and the control
of pollution and toxicity in the home and workplace. States parties should also clarify
the extent of the Convention's scope with respect to the issues of environment and
development and request the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
to develop guidelines regarding the nature of reporting such issues, required under
particular articles of the Convention.
(a) Areas requiring urgent action
24.6. Countries should take urgent measures to avert the ongoing rapid environmental
and economic degradation in developing countries that generally affects the lives of women
and children in rural areas suffering drought, desertification and deforestation, armed
hostilities, natural disasters, toxic waste and the aftermath of the use of unsuitable
agro-chemical products.
24.7. In order to reach these goals, women should be fully involved in decision-making
and in the implementation of sustainable development activities.
(b) Research, data collection and dissemination of information
24.8. Countries should develop gender-sensitive databases, information systems and
participatory action-oriented research and policy analyses with the collaboration of
academic institutions and local women researchers on the following:
- Knowledge and experience on the part of women of the management and conservation of
natural resources for incorporation in the databases and information systems for
sustainable development;
- The impact of structural adjustment programmes on women. In research done on structural
adjustment programmes, special attention should be given to the differential impact of
those programmes on women, especially in terms of cut-backs in social services, education
and health and in the removal of subsidies on food and fuel;
- The impact on women of environmental degradation, particularly drought, desertification,
toxic chemicals and armed hostilities;
- Analysis of the structural linkages between gender relations, environment and
development;
- The integration of the value of unpaid work, including work that is currently designated
"domestic", in resource accounting mechanisms in order better to represent the
true value of the contribution of women to the economy, using revised guidelines for the
United Nations System of National Accounts, to be issued in 1993;
- Measures to develop and include environmental, social and gender impact analyses as an
essential step in the development and monitoring of programmes and policies;
- Programmes to create rural and urban training, research and resource centres in
developing and developed countries that will serve to disseminate environmentally sound
technologies to women.
(c) International and regional cooperation and coordination
24.9. The Secretary-General of the United Nations should review the adequacy of all
United Nations institutions, including those with a special focus on the role of women, in
meeting development and environment objectives, and make recommendations for strengthening
their capacities. Institutions that require special attention in this area include the
Division for the Advancement of Women (Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian
Affairs, United Nations Office at Vienna), the United Nations Development Fund for Women
(UNIFEM), the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women
(INSTRAW) and the women's programmes of regional commissions. The review should consider
how the environment and development programmes of each body of the United Nations system
could be strengthened to implement Agenda 21 and how to incorporate the role of women in
programmes and decisions related to sustainable development.
24.10. Each body of the United Nations system should review the number of women in
senior policy-level and decision-making posts and, where appropriate, adopt programmes to
increase that number, in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1991/17 on
the improvement of the status of women in the Secretariat.
24.11. UNIFEM should establish regular consultations with donors in collaboration with
UNICEF, with a view to promoting operational programmes and projects on sustainable
development that will strengthen the participation of women, especially low-income women,
in sustainable development and in decision-making. UNDP should establish a women's focal
point on development and environment in each of its resident representative offices to
provide information and promote exchange of experience and information in these fields.
Bodies of the United Nations system, governments and non-governmental organizations
involved in the follow-up to the Conference and the implementation of Agenda 21 should
ensure that gender considerations are fully integrated into all the policies, programmes
and activities.
Means of implementation
Financing and cost evaluation
24.12. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost
(1993-2000) of implementing the activities of this chapter to be about $40 million from
the international community on grant or concessional terms. These are indicative and
order-of-magnitude estimates only and have not been reviewed by Governments. Actual costs
and financial terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon, inter
alia, the specific strategies and programmes Governments decide upon for implementation.
Notes
1/ Report of the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United
Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, Nairobi, 15-26 July 1985
(United Nations publication, Sales No. E.85.IV.10), chap. I, sect. A.
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