Scaling Up the Grassroots
An Annotated Bibliography
by Peter Uvin, Assistant Professor (Research) World Hunger Program
GENERAL
- BHADURI, A. & RAHMAN, M. A. Studies in Rural Participation. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publ. Co.; 1982.
Articles on four state-led "participatory programs" (Vietnam, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Papua New Guinea) and some grassroots initiated programs.
- BICHMANN, W. RIFKIN, S. B. & SHRESTHA, M. Peut-on mesurer le degrEde participation communautaire? Forum Mondial de la SantE/I>, 1989; 10(3/4): 513-519.
Participation measured through activ. or seen as a process. Indicators for measuring participation in need identification, resource mobilization, management and organization.
- BOOTH, NJUKI & OTTO, J. Non-Governmental Organizations and Natural Resource Management in Africa. A Discussion of Issues and Priorities. Washington D.C.: USDA, Forest Service and Office of International Cooperation and Development; 1992.
Discusses the importance of NGOs in resource management and the way donors should prioritize local institution strengthening.
- CALDERON, F., PISCITELLI, A. & REYNA, J. L., Social Movements: Actors, Theories, Expectations. in ESCOBAR, A. et al. (eds.) The Making of Social Movements in Latin America. Identity, Strategy and Democracy. Boulder: Westview; 1992.
General theoretical discussion of social movements.
- CARROLL, T. F. Intermediary NGOs. The supporting link in grassroots development. West Hartford: Kumarian Press; 1992.
Important analysis of successful SHPOs in South America.
- CERNEA, M. Nongovernmental Organization and Local Development. Washington D.C.: World Bank, Discussion Paper 40, 1988.
NGO types, strengths and weaknesses. Some interesting insights on scaling-up.
- CHOWDHURY, A. N. Let Grassroots Speak. People's participation, self-help groups and NGOs in Bangladesh. Dhaka: University Press; 1989.
Quite detailed analysis of BRAC, PROSHIHA, Grameen Bank and Nijera Kori.
- DOWNS, C. & SOLIMANO, G. Toward and Evaluation of the NGO experience in Chile: Implications for Social Policy and Future Investigation. in DOWNS, C. SOLIMANO, G., VERGARA, C., ZUNIGA, L. Social Policy from the Grassroots. Non-governmental Organizations in Chile. Boulder: Westview Press, in cooperation with UNICEF and the Center for Social Policy and Planning in Developing Countries; 1989.
Stimulating article about NGOs, their strategies and relations with government.
- DRABEK, A. G. Development Alternatives: The Challenge for NGOs. World Development. 1987; 15 (Supplement).
Important collection of papers from Northern and Southern authors.
- EGGER, P. Approches participatives et travaux d'infrastructures en milieu rural sahélien. Enseignements et propositions Epartir de 6 études de cas. Document de travail, WEP 2-24/WP 27. Geneva: ILO, 1990.
Very interesting and useful discussion.
- EGGER, P. "Croissance et pauvretEen Asie: les vois de l'auto-promotion." in Jeux et enjeux de l'auto-promotion. Vers d'autres formes de coopération au développement, editor KWAN KAI HONG. Presses Universitaires de France, Institut Universitaire de Développement, 1991.
With some examples.
- EKINS, P. A New World Order. Grassroots Movements for Global Change. London: Routledge; 1989.
General discussion of the new civil sector, with many examples, taken from the experiences of the Stockholm-based Right Livelihood Award.
- ELLIOTT, Charles. Some Aspects of Relations between the North and the South in the NGO Sector. World Development. 1987; 15 (Supplement).
Interesting discussion of NGO -donor relations.
- ESCOBAR, A. & ALVAREZ, S. E. The Making of Social Movements in Latin America. Identity, Strategy and Democracy. Boulder: Westview; 1992.
High-quality scholarly work on social movements, with cases studies from throughout Latin America; strong focus on political aspects.
- ESMAN, M. J. & UPHOFF, N. T. Local Organizations. Intermediaries in Rural Development. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; 1984.
Important early comparative analysis of NGOs and governments.
- FISHER, J. The Road from Rio: Sustainable Development and the Nongovernmental Movement in the Third World. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger; 1993.
General presentation of the size and nature of the grassroots movement in the world, with a focus on the environment.
- FOWLER, A. Nongovernmental Organizations in Africa: Achieving Comparative Advantage in Relief and Micro-Development. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies, Discussion Paper 249; 1988.
Argues that the comparative advantage in micro-development is only a potential feature of NGOs and is not systematically realized by them.
- FRIEDMANN, J. Empowerment: the politics of alternative development. Cambridge: Blackwell; 1992.
Important book on the theoretical underpinnings of alternative development strategies. Last chapter deals with organizational matters.
- GHAI, D. Participatory Development: Some Perspectives from Grass-roots Experiences. Geneva: UNRISD, Discussion Paper 5, 1988.
- HOCHET, A. M. Appui aux initiatives de base NiafunkEMali. Berne, Bussigny: DDA, Atelier Echanges, Collection Groupe de Labeaume; 1989.
Detailed description of a case in Mali, presenting the intervention strategy and the methodological tools used.
- JACOB, J.P. & LAVIGNE DELVILLE, P. (eds.) Les associations paysannes en Afrique: organization et dynamiques. Paris, Karthala, APAD, IUED, 1994.
High quality scientific analysis of African peasant organizations in their social context.
- KORTEN, D. Getting to the 21st Century. Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda. West Hartford: Kumarian Press; 1990.
Important general book on grassroots organizations, containing definitions, discussion of political scaling up, and a coherent vision of future developments.
- LACHENMANN, G. Civil Society and Social Movements in Africa: The Case of the Peasant Movement in Senegal. European Journal of Development Research. 1993 Dec; 5(2): 68-100.
Excellent article on the Senegalese peasant movement with a wealth of anthropological and theoretical insights.
- LECOMTE, B. Project Aid. Limitations and Alternatives. Paris: OECD, 1986.
One of the most important books about self-help, and the role of outsiders, ever written, by a man with 30 years experience in Africa.
- LEWIS, J. P. Strengthening the Poor: What Have We Learned? New Brunswick, Washington D.C.: Transaction Books, Overseas Development Council, US-Third World Policy Perspectives No 10, 1988.
Collection of interesting articles by prestigious authors.
- McCARTHY, K. D., HODGKINSON, V. A., SUMARIWALLA, R. D., and Associates. The Nonprofit Sector in the Global Community. Voices from Many Nations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publ., 1992.
Many articles about developed and developing countries and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
- MONTGOMERY, J. D. Bureaucrats and People. Grassroots Participation in Third World Development. Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1988.
Various articles by an experimented field practitioner.
- MORGAN, M. Stretching the Development Dollar: The Potential for Scaling-Up . Grassroots Development 1990; 14(1): 2-11.
General discussion on debates and issues of scaling up; provides IAF perspective on scaling up grassroots projects.
- NYONI, S. Indigenous NGOs: Liberation, Self-Reliance, and Development. World Development. 1987; 15 (Supplement).
Interesting article by one of the founders of the Organization of Rural Associations for Progress (ORAP) in Zimbabwe.
- PFOHL, J. & YUDELMAN, J. Asian Linkages NGO Collaboration in the 1990's. New York, NY: Private Agencies Collaborating Together; 1989.
Five-country study (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand) of relations between grassroots and intermediary NGOs and international PVOs.
- PRADERWAND, P. Listening to Africa: Developing Africa from the Grassroots. New York: Praeger, 1993.
Stimulating presentation of the growth of the grassroots movement in Africa.
- P.R.I.A. Strengthening the Grassroots. Nature and Role of Support Organizations. New Delhi: Society for Participatory Research in Asia; 1990.
Types of support; challenges and future directions. Very interesting.
- RAU, S. From Feast to Famine. official Cures and Grassroots Remedies to Africa's Food Crisis. London: ZED Books; 1991.
About the top-down perspectives of the aid establishment and the African governments (Lagos Plan etc.); description of the grassroots movements now coming into being.
- RUDQVIST, A. SIDA's experience with popular participation. Washington D.C.: World Bank, Workshop on Participatory Development; 1992.
Argues that the main constraints on participatory programs for SIDA are: unwillingness of recipient country authorities and experts. Aid procedures are no constraint.
- TENDLER, J. Turning Private Voluntary Organizations Into Development Agencies: Questions for Evaluation. Washington D.C., USAID Program Evaluation Discussion Paper no. 12, 1982.
Seminal reflexion on the discourse, strengths and weaknesses of US NGOs, with worldwide relevance.
- U.S. CONGRESS. OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT. Grassroots Development. The African Development Foundation. Washington D.C.: U.S: GPO, OTA-F-378; 1988.
Analysis of the degree of participation in ADF-funded projects. Discussion of their replicability.
- UPHOFF, N. Local institutional development: an analytical sourcebook with cases. West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1986.
Important but slightly outdated book.
- UPHOFF, N. Local Institutions and Participation for Sustainable Development. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, Gatekeeper Series No. 31; 1992.
Short synthesis of his important older work.
- UPHOFF, N. Learning from Gal Oyo. Possibilities for Participatory Development and Post-Newtonian Social Science. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press, 1992.
Detailed analysis of irrigation associations in Sri Lanka, and of the theoretical implications of these experiences.
- UPHOFF, N. Grassroots Organizations and NGOs in Rural Development: Opportunities with Diminishing States and Expanding Markets. World Development. 1993; 21(4): pp. 607-622.
Excellent discussion of local voluntary development organizations, their definition, characteristics and comparative advantages.
- VERHAGEN, K. Self-Help Promotion, a Challenge to the NGO community. The Netherlands: CEBEMO/ Royal Tropical Institute ; s.d.
Excellent and important book, based on internal evaluation of three SHPOs in Thailand, Indonesia and Brazil, of the factors explaining success in self-help promotion.
- WORLD BANK. How the World Bank works with Nongovernmental Organizations. Washington D.C: World Bank; 1990.
Discusses the types of roles NGOs can play for the World Bank: implementers, designers, partners..
ALL TYPES OF SCALING UP
- BERG, R. Non-Governmental Organizations: New Force in Third World Development and Politics. East Lansing, MI: Center for Advanced Study of International Development; 1987.
One of the earlier studies discussing various types of scaling up; still interesting today, albeit very short and general.
- CERNEA, M. Nongovernmental Organizations and Local Development. Regional Development Dialogue. 1989 Jun; Vol. 10(No. 2): pp. 117-142.
General article which briefly touches upon all four aspects of scaling up.
- CLARK, J. Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations. West Hartford: Kumarian Press; 1991.
One of the most important books on grassroots organizations and scaling up to day.
- CONSTANTINO-DAVID, K. "The Philippine experience in scaling-up." in Edwards, M. & Hulme, D. (ed ). Making a difference: NGOs and development in a changing world. London: Earthscan, 1992.
EDWARDS, M. & HULME, D. Scaling Up NGO impact on development: learning from experience. in Edwards, M. & Hulme, D. (ed ). Making a difference: NGOs and development in a changing world. London: Earthscan, 1992.
Introductory article to an excellent volume.
- GOFF, B. Mastering the Craft of Scaling Up in Colombia. Grassroots Development. 1990; 14(1): 12-22.
About a local NGO that has scaled up quantitatively to other Colombian regions, functionally (including new programs and partners), politically (attempting to influence national politics) and, most importantly through a decision to work though the national school system, with the Ministry of Education (integration).
- HIRSCHMAN, A. Getting Ahead Collectively: Grassroots Experiences in Latin America. New York: Pergamon Press; 1984.
Touches upon the processes of all areas of scaling up, in particular, functional scaling up, through discussion of the "principle of conservation and mutation of social energy" with many stimulating examples.
- LOVELL, C. Breaking the Cycle of Poverty. The BRAC Strategy. West Hartford: Kumarian Press; 1992.
Detailed analysis of BRAC: its programs, strategies, management, etc.
- MARKLEIN, M. "Putting the World Rightside Up: The Grassroots Perspective." Grassroots Development 15, no. 1 (1991): 8-15.
Interview with leaders of 3 grassroots NGOs
- MAYFIELD, J. B. Go to the People. Releasing the Rural Poor though the People's School System. West Hartford: Kumarian Press; 1985.
Good analysis of the International Rural Reconstruction Movement, mainly in China and the Philippines
- MORGAN, M. Stretching the Development Dollar: The Potential for Scaling-Up. Grassroots Development 1990; 14(1): pp. 2-11.
General discussion on debates and issues of scaling up; provides IAF perspective on scaling up grassroots projects.
FUNCTIONAL
- ABED, F. A.H. Scaling Up in Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). in: Bamberger, M. (compiler) Readings in Community Participation. Papers presented at an international workshop organized by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, Sept. 1986. Washington DC: World Bank; 1986.
Brief presentation of BRAC's scaling up strategies.
- HEALY, K. From Field to Factory: Vertical Integration in Bolivia. in Annis, S. & Hakim, P. Direct to the Poor: Grassroots Development in Latin America. Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 1988.
Good example of vertical integration of functional scaling up.
- HIRSCHMAN, A. Getting Ahead Collectively: Grassroots Experiences in Latin America. New York: Pergamon Press; 1984.
Touches upon all types of scaling up, and in particular functional scaling up, through discussion of the "principle of conservation and mutation of social energy". Contains many stimulating examples
- PEZZULLO, S. & HERNANDEZ, L. "Scaling Up the Resources of Small Farmers." Grassroots Development 14, no. 1 (1990): 48-49.
On functional, as well as political scaling up.
ORGANIZATIONAL
- ABED, F. A.H. Scaling Up in Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). in: Bamberger, M. (compiler). Readings in Community Participation. Papers presented at an international workshop organized by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, Sept. 1986. Washington DC: World Bank; 1986.
Brief presentation of BRAC's scaling up strategies.
- ANHEIER, H. K. & SEIBEL, W. (eds ). The Third Sector. Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 1990.
Important scientific analysis of the place, role and functioning of NGOs in Western democracies. Contains some useful concepts to study Third World NGOs.
- AVINA, J. et al. Evaluating the Impact of Grassroots Development Funding. Washington, D.C.: Inter American Foundation; 1990.
Proposes criteria and a methodology to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of grassroots funding.
- BEAUDOUX, E. & NIEUWKERK, M. Groupements paysans d'Afrique. Dossier pour l'action. Paris: L'Harmattan, Collection Alternatives Paysannes; 1985.
Manual for grassroots organizations about management.
- BRAY, D. "Defiance" and the Search for Sustainable Small Farmer Organizations: A Paraguayan Case Study and a Research Agenda. Human Organization. 1991 Jun; Vol. 50(No. 2): 125-135.
Excellent article on organizational scaling up focusing in Paraguay (from protest movements to farmers' organizations to sustainability).
- BROWN, L. D. Bridging Organizations and Sustainable Development. Human Relations. 1991; 44(8): 807-831.
Discusses aggregation and networking in political scaling up as well as horizontal and vertical linkages in organizational scaling up.
- FOWLER, A. Prioritizing Institutional Development: A New Role for NGO Centres for Study and Development. London: Sustainable Agriculture Programme of the International Institute for Environment and Development; s.d.
On the role of a specific type of SHPOs -- research NGOs -- in promoting organizational scaling up, with some examples.
- FOX, J. & HERNANDEZ, L. "Offsetting the Iron Law of Oligarchy. The Eb and Flow of Leadership Accountability in a Regional Peasant Organization." Grassroots Development 13, no. 2 (1989): 8-15.
Study of a crucial problem through a Mexican case study.
- GARILAO, E. D. Indigenous NGOs as Strategic Institutions: Managing the relationship with Government and Resource Agencies. World Development. 1987; 15 (Supplement).
Excellent discussion of NGOs as institutions and as a sector, and their relations with government and donors.
- GORMAN, R. F. (ed.). Private Voluntary Organizations as Agents of Development. Boulder: Westview, 1984.
Touches upon topics of organizational scaling up: administrative and donor issues.
- HAGE, J. & FINSTERBUSCH, K. Organizational Change as a Development Strategy. Models and Tactics for Improving Third World Organizations. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987.
Assessment of effectiveness of Third World organizations.
- HELLINGER, D. NGOs and the Large Aid Donors: Changing the Terms of Engagement. World Development. 1987; 15 (Supplement).
Discusses the impact of relations with donors on NGOs structures
- LEAT, D. Voluntary Organizations and Accountability: Theory and Practice. in Anheier & Seibel (eds.) The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1990.
Good conceptual discussion of accountability.
- LECOMTE, B. & KWAN KAI HONG. Auto-promotion -entreprise -appui. Genève: Institut Universitaire d'Etudes du Développement, Itinéraires. Pratique et Reflexion No. 5; 1990.
Analysis of the different "logic" and constraints of the associative sector and the private sector and how to combine them. Cases of small and micro-enterprise support policies and programs.
- LECOMTE, B. Processus d'autopromotion et formes d'apui adaptees. in: KWAN KAI HONG, (ed.) Jeux et enjeux de l'auto-promotion. Vers d'autres formes de cooperation au developpement. Geneva, Paris: Institut Universitaire d'Etudes du Developpement, Presses Universitaires de France; 1991.
Excellent general article on organizational scaling up by one of the most important and experienced authors on grassroots organizations. Presentation of stages of growth from birth to maturity of NGOs.
- MANN, C. K., GRINDLE, M. S. & SHIPTON, P. Seeking Solutions. Framework and Cases for Small Enterprise Development Programs. West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1989.
Multitude of interesting case studies.
- NOGUEIRA, R. M. Life Cycle and Learning in Grassroots Development Organizations. World Development. 1987; 15 (Supplement).
Stages of growth in NGOs, as well as problems they face in each stage.
- PFOHL, J. & YUDELMAN, J. Asian Linkages NGO Collaboration in the 1990's. New York, NY: Private Agencies Collaborating Together; 1989.
Five-country study (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand) of relationships among NGOs, VROs, and IPVOs; good example of organizational scaling up.
- SCHMALE, M. Role of Local Organizations in the Third World. England: Avebury; 1993.
Discusses issues of sustainability.
- VINCENT, F. Manuel de gestion pratique des associations de développement rural du Tiers Monde. Paris: L'Harmattan; 1987.
Practice-informed manual on small organization and project management. Translated in English.
POLITICAL
- ALGER, C. Actual and Potential Roles for NGOs in Worldwide Movements for the Attainment of Human Rights. Transnational Associations. 1992; Vol. 6: 320-32.
Focuses on international networks of political scaling up through a comparison of four human rights campaigns: Infant formula marketing code, right of labor to strike in Guatemala, anti-apartheid, and church anti-militarism in Latin American.
- ANNIS, S and HAKIM, P. (eds.). Direct to the Poor: Grassroots Development in Latin America. Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 1988.
Discussions of the relationship of grassroots organizations to the state touching upon political scaling up, especially in the last chapter, "The Question of Scale".
- ANNIS, S. Can Small-Scale Development Be Large-Scale. in Annis S. & Hakim, P. (eds.) Direct to the Poor: Grassroots Development in Latin America. Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 1988.
Basic framework of scaling up, with emphasis on political through ties with the state; also printed in 1987 supplement issue of World Development.
- ANNIS, S. Evolving Connectedness among Environmental Groups and Grassroots Organizations in Protected Areas of Central America. World Development. 1992 Apr; Vol. 20(No. 4): pp. 587-95.
Political scaling up through networking and "informational empowerment" among environmental groups and NGOs in Central America.
- BEBBINGTON, A. NGOs and the State in Latin America. New York: Routledge; 1993.
Discusses political scaling up through government collaboration and effective linkages between NGOs and basic research sub-systems; organizational scaling up through decentralization of donor funds and coordination among NGOs.
- BENJAMIN, M.; FREEDMAN, A. Bridging the Global Gap. A Handbook to Linking Citizens of the First and Third Worlds. Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press; 1989.
Important book on relations between Northern and Southern citizens and organizations; Inspiring discussions on political and organizational scaling up through collaboration and partnerships between First and Third World NGOs.
- BRATTON, M. Non-governmental Organizations in Africa: Can They Influence Public Policy? Development and Change. 1990 Jan; Vol. 21(No. 1): p. 87.
BRESLIN, P. Democracy in the Rest of the Americas. Grassroots Development. 1991; 15(2): 3-7.
On the processes through which NGOs begin to influence national policy as well as scale up politically on the regional and the municipal level.
- BROWN, L. D. Bridging Organizations and Sustainable Development. Human Relations. 1991; 44(8): 807-831.
Discusses aggregation and networking in political scaling up as well as horizontal and vertical linkages in organizational scaling up.
- FALS BORDA, O. Knowledge and Power. Lessons with Peasants in Nicaragua, Mexico and Columbia. New Delhi: Indian Social Science Institute and ILO; 1988.
Participatory Action Research for mobilizing people for development and political change.
- FALS BORDA, O. & RAHMAN, M. A. Action and Knowledge. Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action Research. New York, London: The Apex Press, Intermediate Technology Group; 1991.
Theoretical essays on Participatory Action Research as a strategy to scale up politically.
- FALS BORDA, O., Social Movements and Political Power in Latin America. ESCOBAR, A. & ALVAREZ, S. E. The Making of Social Movements in Latin America. Identity, Strategy and Democracy. Boulder: Westview; 1992.
General theoretical discussion of social movements and political scaling up.
- FISHER, J. Out of the Shadows: Women, Resistance and Politics in South America. London: Latin American Bureau; 1993.
Colorful case studies of political scaling up through women's consciousness raising in community organizations in Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina.
- GOFF, B. Mastering the Craft of Scaling Up in Colombia. Grassroots Development. 1990; 14(1): 12-22.
Describes the quantitative, functional and political scaling up of a Columbian NGO.
LOVEMAN. "NGOs and the transition to democracy in Chile." Grassroots Development 15, no. 2 (1991): 8-19.
Most interesting article.
- MCBETH, J., A New People-Power. Far Eastern Economic Review. 1991 Aug 8: 22.
Though brief, an interesting article on NGO participation in the electoral process in the Philippines.
- PFOHL, J. & YUDELMAN, J. Asian Linkages NGO Collaboration in the 1990's. New York, NY: Private Agencies Collaborating Together; 1989.
Five-country study (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand) of relationships among local SHOs and SHPOs and international NGOs, with good example of organizational scaling up.
- RADCLIFFE, S. & WESTWOOD, S. "Viva": women and popular protest in Latin America. New York: Routledge; 1993.
Inspiring case studies of political scaling up, focusing on women's participation in traditional and independent political structures in Guatemala, El Salvador, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru.
- SHAW, T. Popular Participation in Non-Governmental Structures in Africa: Implications for Democratic Development. Africa Today. 1990; 3rd Quarter: pp. 5-23.
Discussion on participation in political scaling up for democratic development in Africa.
- TURTON, A. Production, Power and Participation in Rural Thailand. Geneva, Switzerland: UNRISD; 1987.
Example of political scaling up in rural Thailand from the village to provincial levels.
QUANTITATIVE
- ABED, F. A.H. Scaling Up in Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). in: Bamberger, M., (compiler). Readings in Community Participation. Papers presented at an international workshop organized by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, Sept. 1986. Washington DC: World Bank; 1986.
Brief presentation of BRAC's scaling up strategies.
- ALLISON, A. and KAK, L. NGO/Government Collaboration in Maternal Health and Family Planning Programs. Transnational Associations. 1992; Vol. 3: pp. 163-66.
Good example of integration of NGO and government services in quantitative scaling up.
- ASHE, J. HIRSCHLAND, M. & BURNETT, J. Access to Credit for Poor Women: A Scale-Up Study of Projects Carried Out by Freedom From Hunger in Mali and Ghana. Bethesda: GEMINI, Technical Report No. 33; 1992.
Evaluation report by prestigious consultants. Scaling-up equals expansion, which is the term used throughout the study.
- BOWDEN, P. NGOs in Asia: Issues in Development. Public Administration and Development . 1990; 10: 141-152.
Synthesis of an Asian Development Bank 7 country study on collaboration between NGOs and the Bank.
- DICHTER, T. NGOs and the replication trap. Transnational Associations. 1991; Vol. 4: 191-196.
Excellent article about the problems posed by replication.
- HOSSAIN, M. Credit for alleviation of rural poverty: the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. Washington D.C.: IFPRI, Research Report 65; Feb. 1988.
Discusses the constraints and potentials to expansion and replication of the Grameen Bank.
- HULME, D. International Transfer of Institutional Innovations. Replicating the Grameen Bank in other Countries. Grameen Dialogue. April 1993.
Lessons for success for replicating Grameen Bank, based on experiences in three Asian countries. More generally, the Journal Grameen Dialogue is almost fully devoted to that subject.
- JONES, S. The Organic Growth: Asian NGOs have come into their own. Far Eastern Economic Review. 1993 Jun 17: 23.
Short article which touches upon aggregation in quantitative and political scaling up.
- KORTEN, F. F. & SIY, R. Y. Transforming a Bureaucracy. The Experience of the Philippine National Irrigation Administration. West Hartford: Kumarian Press; 1988.
Famous and excellently documented case of government-induced nurturing scheme in the Philippines.
- TERRANT, J. %. POERBO, H. "Strengthening Community-Based Technology Management Systems." in Korten, D.C. (ed.) Community Management. Asian Experience and Perspectives. West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1986: 172-182.
Excellent article illustrating diff. paths of scaling up.
NGO-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS
- BEBBINGTON, A. NGOs and the State in Latin America. New York: Routledge; 1993.
Discusses political scaling up through government collaboration and effective linkages between NGOs and basic research sub-systems; organizational scaling up through decentralization of donor funds and coordination among NGOs.
- BEBBINGTON, A. Sharecropping Agricultural Development: the Potential for GSO-Government Cooperation. Grassroots Development . 1991; 15(2): 21-30.
Presentation of some results of an unfinished research on the role of grassroots support organizations (GSO) in rural development and their relations with the public sector.
- DUPUY, C. "Les associations villageoises au Sénégal: fonctions économiques et modalités de financement." Revue Tiers Monde XXXI, no. 122 (1990): 351-375.
Excellent description of one case, and its role with the state.
- ESMAN, M. J. & UPHOFF, N. T. Local Organizations. Intermediaries in Rural Development. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; 1984.
Important early comparative analysis of NGOs and local governments.
- FARRINGTON, J. & LEWIS, D. J. Non-Governmental Organizations and the State in Asia. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
Interesting book, with a wealth of case studies.
- HALL, A. "Community Participation and Rural Development." in MIDGLEY, J. et.al. Community Participation, Social Development and the State. London, New York: Methuen, 1986.
Basic introduction to issues of participation and the role of the state.
- JOHNSON, W. R. & JOHNSON, V. R. West African Governments and Volunteer Development Organizations. Priorities for Partnerships. New York: University Press of America; 1990.
KORTEN, F. F. "The Policy Framework for Community Management." in Community Management. Asian Experience and Perspectives, 275-291. editor D. C. Korten. West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1986.
Discusses the way government action affects water-user organizations and vice versa.
- MONTGOMERY, J. D. Bureaucrats and People. Grassroots Participation in Third World Development. Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1988.
P.R.I.A. Building Development Projects in Partnerships with Communities and NGOs: An Action Agenda for Policymakers. New Delhi: PRIA (with UNDP); s.d.
P.R.I.A. Holding Together. Collaborations and Partnerships in the Real World. New Delhi: Society for Participatory Research in Asia, s.d.
Reasons for NGO-government collaboration: scaling up in resources and policy influence. Elements and types of collaboration. Conditions for success.
- P.R.I.A. Multiparty Cooperation for Development in Asia. New Delhi: PRIA (with UNDP); s.d.
P.R.I.A. NGO-Government relations. A Source of Life or a Kiss of Death? New Delhi: PRIA; 1989.
Excellent text on different types of NGOs and different types of relations with the state and the issues this presents.
- SMILLIE, I.& HELMICH, H. (eds.). Non-governmental Organisations and Governments: Stakeholders for Development. Paris: OECD, 1993.
Interesting analysis of development NGOs in the OECD countries, with detailed country studies.
FURTHER BIBLIOGRAPHY
- ALI, M. "Government as an Agent of Social Development -- Lessons from the Bangladesh Experience." in Korten, D.C. (ed.). Community Management. Asian Experience and Perspectives, 247-259. West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1986.
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