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A Quick Introduction to Circular Economies 
Abstract : [1] The basic aim of this document is to provide a quick introduction to the concept of a "Circular Economy" from the context of developing economies in Asia. It explores the dimensions of a circular economy as the nexus of four key issues - Food, Energy, Water and Waste - the "FEWW Nexus".
Keywords: What is a Circular Economy? A circular economy (CE) is based on the principles of ensuring that production and consumption systems contribute to sustainable development, including minimizing waste and pollution, reusing and recycling products and materials, regenerating natural systems, and other issues related to a sustainable lifestyle. The concept is not new - it derives its initial inspiration from the "3R" approach - reduce, reuse, recycle. Various other concepts and approaches have since been incorporated and linked to under the broader umbrella of the CE concept, including the ones listed in Table 1
Table 1: Sustainability Concepts subsumed under that of a "Circular Economy"
Circular systems employ reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and/or recycling to create a "closed-loop system", minimizing the use of resource inputs and the creation of waste, pollution and carbon emissions [Geissdoerfer, 2017]. The circular economy aims to keep products, equipment and infrastructure in use for longer, thus improving the productivity of these resources.
 Components of a typical circular economy Image Source: UNIDO A circular economy is ultimately an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use, dispose) in which we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life. Its core lies in sustainable development itself - environmental sustainability, economic prosperity, and social equity There are a number of components of a well-functioning circular economy that we need to keep in mind. At its core, a circular economy looks at the economic functions of production and consumption from a sustainability perspective (and not just a profit motive). It looks at all aspects of a product, in its entire life cycle from its design stage to the final disassembly/disposal stages. So for a country's economy to become "circular" policies, strategies and laws/regulations need to be implemented with a number of new ideas in mind:
What becomes clear is that we need an approach [PBL, 2019] that goes beyond the traditional "3Rs" or reduce, reuse and recyle [2] to include, for example -
The FEWW Nexus [3] Operationalizing the circular economy concept requires us to look at sustainable development - consumption and production - from a cyclical perspective. Ultimately, developing and implementing multi-stakeholder policies for a CE should help us achieve sustainability, targeting all aspects of our everyday lifestyles.
Cities and towns - human settlements in general - form the perfect laboratory for us to understand many of the consumption and production patterns that eventually result in the myriad of global environmental problems we face. Central to facilitating these systems are the economic management systems of food, energy, water and waste - each dependent on and influencing the others. Besides the inherent interconnectedness between themselves, the four issues form the key starting points for a city or villagve's contribution to the global environmental problems that we are facing today - directly and indirectly: Climate change, biodiversity, desertification, et. al Food Food and agricultural systems requires considerable amounts of water and energy during its production, transportation and storage, before it is consumed in an urban area. However, even before the food has reached a plate, 50% of the food will have been wasted or spoiled (and creating additional problems in the form of wastes, GHG emissions and pollution). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations in 2018 [4], it was estimated that about 1.5 billion tonnes of global food was wasted or lost, which accounted for approximately one third of total food production. Wasting food means wasting water and energy, since producing, processing and consuming of food contribute to about 70% of total global water withdrawn and 30% global energy consumed. The CE components of food focusses on two aspects - food security, i.e. ensuring reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food; and food loss, i.e. food that is wasted during its both production and consumption cycles, including food production, processing transportation, sales and preparation stages. Current estimates of food loss/food waste point to almost 50% of all food prepared worldwide being unconsumed and resulting in significant resources, including energy, water, land, being waste - besides the food itself creating further waste that needs energy to dispose, and methane and CO2 emissions to contend with. Food policies in a circular economy need to focused on ensuring the security of food production and consumption systems, including reducing food waste. This would call for a revamped understanding of the sustainability dimensions of the food cycle. Revamping the food cycle - agriculture production systems, distribution storage and sales ["farm-to-plate" startegies] lies at the core of improving food security. A circular economy would contribute to food security and reduction of food loss, by -
Energy Energy production and consumption has been shown to have a key influence on CO2 and GHG emissions, that has resulted in global climate change. Within the perspective of the FEWW nexus, for example, much energy is consumed in managing water supply systems, and also in waste incineration installations. Sustainable energy policies in a circular economy will have to focus on three objectives:
In practical terms, energy policies need to incorporate the entire continuum of issues: of production, use and discharge of energy. Therefore, operating a circular economy that conserves energy requires us to look at three aspects, (1) how we produce energy, i.e. increasing use of renewable sources of energy, (2) how we use energy - i.e. using less energy and more efficiently for maximum output, and (3) how we discharge energy, i.e. reducing CO2 and GHG emissions and air pollution from energy use. The energy policies that will help us move towards a circular economy needs to include, for example, (a) exploring and bringing to the market, alternative energy sources, (b) linking energy more integrally with global environmental issues (for example climate change or global warming), (c) co-relating environmental management efficiency with energy efficiency and (d) changes in lifestyles and increase in community involvement that will help achieve energy efficiency.. Water In many countries, water shortages stem from inefficient use, degradation of the available water by pollution and the unsustainable use of underground water in aquifers, the UN says. For example, 40 to 60 per cent of water used by utilities is lost to leakage, theft and poor accounting. How bad is the water crisis? Every 8 seconds, a child dies from a water-related disease. About 50 percent of people in developing countries suffer from one or more water-related diseases and 50 percent of people on earth lack adequate sanitation. Not only is the toll a human tragedy, but it means these people are less able to carry on productive lives, and this undermines social and economic development. The complexities of a water supply and wastewater system called for an integrated and holistic approach that underpins coordinated, responsive, and sustainable water resource management. Such an approach integrates water sources, water- use sectors, water services, and water management levels at the household, community, and city. An integrated water management system looks at water as a resource, that has to be properly collected, treated, supplied, used, and the waste water rendered harmless before being released back into nature - principles that closely resemble those of a circular economy itself. Instituting and operationalizing a circular economy not only requires the prudent use of water at every stage stage of the production and consumption processes, but also its efficient collection, reuse, recycling and treatment. From the FEWW Nexus perspective, integrated water policies in a circular economy is focused on prudent resource management. Water and waste/gray water are critical inputs for food production and consumption, and also require considerable energy in their collection and treatment before consumption, and in filtering waste water. Waste A rising quality of life, and high rates of resource consumption patterns have had a unintended and negative impact on the environment - generation of wastes far beyond the handling capacities of local governments and agencies. Local governments, who are primarily responsible for waste management, are grappling with the problems of high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies, and the impact of wastes on the local and global environment. But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for cities to find solutions - involving the community and the private sector; involving innovative technologies and disposal methods; and involving behaviour changes and awareness raising. There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that is focused on municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to move more towards waste processing and waste recycling (that involves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization - driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources. Some of the defining criteria for future waste minimization programmes will include deeper community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery of waste, focusing on life cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions), decentralized administration of waste, minimizing environmental impacts, and reconciling investment costs with long-term goals. Much of these issues are epitomized by the 3R approach. The 3R approach, focusing on reduce, reuse, and recycle, essentially aims to set up a sound material cycle society within the concept of a life-cycle economy, where consumption of natural resources is minimized and the environmental load is reduced, as much as possible. While '3Rs' stand for reduce, reuse and recycle, the concept itself goes beyond just better waste management and calls for the building of an economy based on the life-cycle approach, covering both sustainable production and sustainable consumption. Thus, at its core, the key to managing waste is to stop callng it "waste" and to move towards better resource efficiency. Once again, a circular economy approach that looks at the life cycle of products and services that we use, helps us guide the way. Every stage of a product or service invariably produced wastes - how can these wastes first of all be minimized, or reused/recycled? From the FEWW nexus perspective, waste not only has negative impacts on the environment in terms of resource inefficiency and pollution/emissions air, water and land, but it also needs considerable energy in its processing and recycling. Conclusions: Do more with less With the promulgation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, priorities of governments and major groups have shifted to ensuring meeting the targets under the 17 global goals. Of particular relevance for the shift towards a circular economy are Goal #8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, Goal #9 on Industry Innovation and Infrastructure Goal #11 on Sustainable Cities and Goal #12 on Responsible Consumption and Production (see Appendix 1 for a detailed explanation). To achieve these and other goals/targets, we need new models of economic development, that not only focus on economic growth and profit, but also a broader approach towards social equity and particularly environmental preservation. This requires us to transition to a more equitable and sustainable economy based on "circular" thinking that uses the cyclical processes in nature itself as a model to develop and "grow" the economy. We as humans are dependent on natural systems and its resources for survival. A transition to a circular economy will help us apply the principles of resource efficiency to boost social innovation and environmental sustainability. The GET matrix enables us to lay out the priorities and actions that will have to be implemented on food, energy, water and waste systems - in making them circular, in ensuring that resources are used efficiently and minimum wastes, emissions and pollution are generated. We need to remember that that the CE concept is not new - it is in fact an amalgamation that brings together a number of different business and development strategies, including the 3R model. It is not just about the economy - it brings economic, social and environmental concepts together, the very essence of sustainable development. It is not enough - we need a more integrated and cohesive approach to global development. A circular economy helps us close the loop for materials, resources, and energy that make up the goods, products and services we use every day. It helps us do more with less! Footnotes:
References:
Fernandes, Pedro (2020) "Circular Economy As A Way Of Increasing Efficiency In Organizations" The Porto Protocol. Retrived from https://www.portoprotocol.com/circular-economy-as-a-way-of-increasing-efficiency-in-organizations/ on 10 December 2020.
Geissdoerfer, M., Pieroni, M.P., Pigosso, D.C. and Soufani, K. "Circular business models: A review" (PDF). Journal of Cleaner Production. 277: 123741.
PBL (2019) "Opportunities for a circular economy" The Hague: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Srinivas, Hari "The Sustainable Development Goals: Environmental Policy Patterns for Local Action" Journal of Environmental Policy and Administration, Vol. 12, 2018, Pp. 123-148 Appendix 1: SDGs and the Circular Economy
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Nowhere is this more true, for example, than in the nexus between food, energy, water and waste - four key resources that help us define and better understand much of our daily lifestyles and consequent environmental, social and economic problems that they generate. These four issues are prime examples of problems the will help us in operationalizing a circular economy.
