Urban Environmental Issues: Water Summary of Urban Environmental Issues and Options Problem area Effects Causes Management options WATER-RELATED PROBLEMS SURFACE WATER POLLUTION health problems Economic costs (additional treatment, new sources of supply, health costs) amenity losses pricing policies unclear property rights poor regulations and/or enforcement municipal and industrial waste disposal practices urban runoff irrigation practices marginal cost pricing regulations, standards, licensing, charges improve monitoring and enforcement demand management and waste water reuse appropriate technology land use controls waste management GROUNDWATER POLLUTION DEPLETION reduced water quality from saline intrusion, biochemical seepage health impacts economic costs pricing policies unclear property rights poor regulations and/or enforcement unsustainable extraction sanitation, municipal and industrial waste disposal practices poor demand management marginal cost procong regulation, standards, licensing, charges waste management appropriate technology demand management controls on land use and sources of information COASTAL/LAKE POLLUTION health effects due to contaminated seafood and direct contact loss of recreational resources and tourism revenues damage to fisheries amenity losses eutrophication unclear property rights poor regulations and/or enforcement municipal and industrial waste disposal practices disposal of shipboard wastes regulations, standards, licensing charges appropriate technology coastal zone management and preservation shipping facilities waste management land use control Source: Abstracted from Leitman, Josef, Rapid Environmental Assessment: Lessons from Cities in the developing World. Volume 1. Methodology and preliminary Findings. Urban Management Programme, UNCHS, UNDP and the World Bank

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