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Urban Environmental Issues:
Air |
Summary of Urban Environmental Issues and Options
[ Air ][ Water ][ Land ][ Cross-media ]
| Problem area |
Effects |
Causes |
Management options |
| AIR-RELATED PROBLEMS |
| AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION |
- health problems
- economic costs from health care costs and productivity losses
- amenity losses (aesthetic, cultural, and recreational)
|
- industrialization
- increase in motorized fleet and congestion
- use of highly polluting fuels (leaded gas and high sulphur coal)
- energy pricing policies
- topography and climate
|
- fuel pricing
- regulations, standards, emissions charges
- demand management
- transport planning
- appropriate technology (clean fuels, scribbers, etc.)
|
| INDOOR AIR POLLUTION |
- health problems (chronic obstructed lung disease, acute respiratory infections, low birth weights, cancer)
- economic costs from health care and productivity losses
|
- use of low-quality fuels for cooking and heating (biomass and high sulphur coal)
- poorly ventilated dwellings and workplaces
- passive smoking
- cottage industry activities
|
- substitute fuel and equipment pricing
- fuel switching
- building codes
- public education
- tax hazardous products and processes
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[ Air ][ Water ][ Land ][ Cross-media ]
Source: Abstracted from Leitman, Josef, Rapid Environmental Assessment: Lessons from Cities in the developing World. Volume 1. Methodology and preliminary Findings. Urban Management Programme, UNCHS, UNDP and the World Bank
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