| Problem area |
Effects |
Causes |
Management options |
| CROSS-MEDIA PROBLEMS |
| MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES |
- household
- costs related to blocked drainage and flooding
- water pollution from leachates
- air pollution from burning
- amenity losses
|
- poor management (improper collection and disposal, little resource recovery)
- pricing (no cost recovery)
- disposal impacts external to the community
- input pricing
|
- private sector delivery of collection and disposal
- waste minimization (recycling, recovery, source reduction)
- regulations, standards, licensing, charges
- expanded coverage
- institutional strengthening
|
| HAZARDOUS WASTES |
- surface, ground, coastal water contamination
- related health, economic and resource impacts
- accumulation of toxics in the food chain
- reduced property values
|
- inadequate regulations and/or enforcement
- no incentives for treatment
- input pricing for waste-producing industries
- low visibility, nonlinear, long term effects
- dispersed small-scale and cottage industries
|
- regulations, standards, licensing and standards
- improve monitoring and enforcement
- treatment and disposal incentives
- economic input pricing
- waste minimization
- marginal cost pricing
- special incentives for small scale generators
- privatization of treatment and disposal operations
|
| NATURAL AND MAN-MADE HAZARDS |
- health effects (death, injuries)
- economic costs (loss of lives, property, infrastructure)
- land degradation (flooding, landslides, earthquakes)
- amenity losses
|
- natural forces
- land market failures (lack of alternatives for squatters, artificially constrained supply)
- land policies (no taxation, no/unenforced protection of high risk lands)
- poor construction practices
|
- reduce constraints on supply of usable land
- appropriate incentives (prices, taxes, tenure, housing finance)
- land use controls
- improve knowledge about risks and alternatives
|
| INADEQUATE SANITATION |
- health impacts (diarrhoeal diseases, parasites, high infant mortality, malnutrition)
- related economic costs
- eutrophication
- amenity losses
|
- inappropriate technology
- pricing (no cost recovery)
- poor management (lack of operations and maintenance, uncoordinated investments)
- inadequate hygiene education
|
- gear sanitation options to willingness to pay
- community approaches
- cost recovery (pay for O&M, new investments)
- hygiene education
|
| INADEQUATE DRAINAGE |
- health effects
- property damage
- accidents
- reduced urban productivity (shutdown of business, transport systems)
|
- inadequate hygiene education
- increased urban runoff due to impermeabilization and upstream deforestation
- occupation of low-lying lands
|
- community management of maintenance
- strategic investment in drainage
- land use controls and market liberalization
- solid waste management
|
