| Problem area |
Effects |
Causes |
Management options |
| LAND-RELATED PROBLEMS |
| DEGRADATION OF LAND |
- declining agricultural productivity
- reduced renewable resource base (deforestation, lost soil fertility)
- erosion and siltation
- amenity losses
- loss of natural habitat and species
|
- changes in relative value of land uses
- uncontrolled urban growth
- unclear property rights
- woodfuel and land pricing
- mining and quarrying activities
- land disposal of municipal and industrial wastes
|
- internalize ecological value in land prices
- designate special areas for management
- local participation
- clarify property rights
- economic resource pricing
- land use controls
|
| LOSS OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PROPERTY |
- loss of heritage
- loss of tourism revenues
- damage to culturally values buildings, monuments, natural sites.
|
- land prices do not reflect social valuation
- lack of regulation and/or enforcement
- air pollution
- SWM practices
- land subsidence and poor drainage
|
- internalize costs of loss in redevelopment planning
- tax incentives for preservation
- zone and building codes
- pollution control
- public education
|
| DEGRADATION OF ECOSYSTEMS |
- health hazards
- resettlement costs
- loss of habitat and species
- air, water, land pollution
|
- failure to anticipate effects in planning and development
- pricing policies
- lack of rural political power
|
- internalize costs of rural degradation
- resource pricing
- clarify property rights
|
